1. What are the main characteristics of China's major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics this year?

Since the beginning of the year, under the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, China's major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics has achieved fruitful results and produced many highlights, demonstrating distinctive features of the times and far-reaching international influence.

First, the number of leaders of major countries visiting China has reached an unprecedented level. In recent months, the leaders of the other four permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have all visited China. Among the G7 countries, leaders from six countries have visited China. In addition, numerous leaders from neighboring countries and developing nations have also traveled to China. China remains committed to an independent foreign policy of peace. It does not draw ideological lines, pursue alliances, engage in bloc confrontation, or seek hegemony. China’s network of partners spans the globe, its circle of friends continues to expand, and its cooperation framework has become increasingly diversified.

Second, China's role as a stabilizing force in a turbulent world has become more prominent than ever. China's 15th Five-Year Plan period has begun on a strong footing, with steady progress in high-quality development and further expansion of high-level opening up. Against the backdrop of volatility in international energy markets, China enjoys ample energy reserves, diversified import channels, resilient domestic demand, and increasingly diversified foreign trade. Its green transition is accelerating, and the economy continues to maintain stable and positive momentum. Amid the protracted crises in Ukraine and the Middle East, China has consistently promoted peace talks, advocated resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, opposed war and conflict, and supported peace and stability.

Third, China's diplomatic philosophy enjoys unprecedented international recognition. During President Trump’s recent visit to China, President Xi Jinping invited him to visit the Temple of Heaven and introduced traditional Chinese concepts such as “harmony among all nations” and “acting in accordance with the laws of nature and the times,” as well as the Chinese diplomatic philosophy of “seeking harmony without uniformity.” All countries live in the same global village. In the face of global challenges, countries should embrace a shared future and work together in solidarity. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has welcomed China's efforts to contribute its governance experience to global governance and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

2. What messages were conveyed by the meeting between the Chinese and U.S. presidents?

The meeting produced an important consensus on building a “constructive and strategically stable relationship,” providing direction for the future development of China–U.S. relations.

China believes that such stability should be positive and cooperation-oriented, strengthening resilience through deeper exchanges and cooperation. It should be healthy and well-managed in terms of competition, avoiding zero-sum confrontation. It should be characterized by manageable differences and steady interaction, preventing dramatic fluctuations in bilateral ties. Above all, it should be lasting and peaceful, preventing conflict, confrontation, or even war.

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union emphasized the logic of nuclear deterrence based on “mutually assured destruction.” China and the United States, by contrast, should focus on expanding common interests through cooperation and managing differences through institutional mechanisms. Former U.S. Secretary of State Dr. Henry Kissinger once noted that the peoples of China and the United States should remember the lessons of 1914. Disorderly competition and disregard for consequences ultimately led to world war and upheaval in the global order. Even where competition exists, peaceful coexistence and maintaining channels of cooperation are more important than ever.

The Taiwan question remains the most important and sensitive issue in China–U.S. relations. Maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait represents the greatest common interest of both countries. The prerequisite for achieving this is opposition to any support for or indulgence of “Taiwan independence,” as separatism and peace in the Taiwan Strait are fundamentally incompatible. China observed during the meeting that, like the broader international community, the U.S. side neither recognizes nor accepts Taiwan independence.

In the economic sphere, the two sides achieved a number of positive outcomes. Nearly twenty senior executives from major U.S. companies accompanied the delegation to China and expressed confidence in the Chinese market and their intention to expand investment. The two sides agreed to establish a Trade Council and an Investment Council, address concerns regarding market access for agricultural products, promote two-way trade under a framework of reciprocal tariff reductions, and shift economic relations from “crisis response” to “institutionalized management.”

3. What is China's position on the Taiwan question?

As an important outcome of World War II and a key component of the post-war international order, the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation, and other documents with recognized legal authority clearly stipulated that Japan must return all Chinese territories it had stolen, including Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, to China. In 1945, the Chinese government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Taiwan, completing Taiwan's restoration both legally and in practice.

There is only one China in the world, and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. This is an unshakable historical and legal fact and a broad international consensus. Taiwan has never been a sovereign state and therefore has no right to participate in intergovernmental organizations or treaty mechanisms limited to sovereign states. The Democratic Progressive Party authorities persist in their separatist agenda, colluding with external forces to pursue “Taiwan independence,” which constitutes the root cause of instability across the Taiwan Strait.

To date, 183 countries have established diplomatic relations with China on the basis of the one-China principle. The Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and Bosnia and Herzegovina clearly states that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing China and that Taiwan is an inseparable part of Chinese territory. Recently, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina once again reaffirmed, through a diplomatic note, its support for the one-China policy and UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, as well as China’s position on Taiwan-related issues at the 79th World Health Assembly. China highly appreciates this stance.

China hopes that Bosnia and Herzegovina will translate its commitments into concrete actions by opposing any separatist activities conducted by the Taiwan authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, refraining from establishing or developing any form of official relations or contacts with them, and thereby consolidating the political foundation of bilateral relations.

4. What is China's position on the situation in the Middle East?

Regarding the situation in the Middle East, President Xi Jinping has reiterated China's consistent position: force cannot solve problems, and dialogue is the right path forward. Negotiations may not yield immediate results, but once the door to dialogue has been opened, it should not be closed.

China encourages the United States and Iran to continue resolving their differences, including those related to the nuclear issue, through negotiations. China advocates the prompt reopening of the Strait of Hormuz on the basis of maintaining the ceasefire and believes that the fundamental solution lies in achieving a permanent and comprehensive cessation of hostilities.

China has consistently worked to promote peace talks and will continue to play a constructive role in ending the fighting and restoring peace in the Middle East as soon as possible.

5. What is the current state and future outlook of China–Bosnia and Herzegovina economic and trade cooperation?

In recent years, China and Bosnia and Herzegovina have achieved a series of practical results through high-quality Belt and Road cooperation. In particular, cooperation in green development and energy transition has made positive contributions to Bosnia and Herzegovina's economic and social development.

During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, China will accelerate scientific and technological innovation, promote industrial upgrading toward greater intelligence, sustainability, and integration, and implement the “AI Plus” initiative to transform traditional industries. This will create broader opportunities for cooperation between the two countries in trade, finance, services, clean energy, and other sectors.

China possesses a vast market with enormous consumer potential and welcomes more high-quality products from Bosnia and Herzegovina. China also remains open to trilateral cooperation among China, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the European Union, with a view to sharing development opportunities and achieving mutual benefit and win-win outcomes.

6. What role has China played as President of the UN Security Council?

In May, during its presidency of the UN Security Council, China proposed and convened a high-level meeting on “Upholding the Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter and Strengthening the International System with the United Nations at Its Core.”

China also hosted a meeting of the Group of Friends in Defense of the UN Charter. At the meeting, Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated that all countries, regardless of their size, strength, or level of development, have the right to independently choose their social systems and development paths and should enjoy equal participation, equal decision-making rights, and equal benefits in global governance.

China advocates upholding the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, ensuring the equal and consistent application of international law and international rules, and opposing double standards and coercive practices. China supports safeguarding the central role of the United Nations, practicing multilateralism, strengthening multilateral mechanisms, and opposing unilateralism and power politics.

China also advocates reforming and improving global governance, gradually narrowing the North–South divide, ensuring that the benefits of development are shared by all peoples, and leaving no country behind. It supports addressing the practical concerns of the international community and delivering tangible outcomes through concrete actions so that global governance can stand the test of both the times and the people.